Revisiting Economic Vulnerability in Old Age - Low Income and Subjective Experiences Among Swiss Pensioners
von: Julia Henke
Springer-Verlag, 2020
ISBN: 9783030363239
Sprache: Englisch
319 Seiten, Download: 6703 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
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Revisiting Economic Vulnerability in Old Age - Low Income and Subjective Experiences Among Swiss Pensioners
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 12 | ||
| Reference | 14 | ||
| Part I: Theoretical Framework | 15 | ||
| Chapter 2: Vulnerability | 17 | ||
| 2.1 Relevance of the Concept of Vulnerability for the Study of Economic Vulnerability in Old Age | 18 | ||
| 2.2 A Dynamic Framework of Vulnerability in Old Age | 20 | ||
| 2.3 Common Risk Patterns Among Elderly in Switzerland | 21 | ||
| 2.4 Latent Versus Manifest Vulnerability | 25 | ||
| 2.5 The Convention of Equivalence Between Heterogeneous Observations | 26 | ||
| 2.6 Coping: Taking Human Agency Seriously | 28 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| Chapter 3: Objectivity and Subjectivity | 32 | ||
| 3.1 Dimensions of Measurement | 32 | ||
| 3.2 Objective and Subjective Concepts of Quality of Life | 36 | ||
| 3.3 Incongruence Between Objective and Subjective Measures | 39 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Chapter 4: Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 43 | ||
| 4.1 The Absolute Core of Manifest Vulnerability | 43 | ||
| 4.2 Measuring Economic Vulnerability Objectively | 47 | ||
| 4.3 Measuring Economic Vulnerability Subjectively | 51 | ||
| 4.4 Economic Vulnerability Among Swiss Pensioners | 55 | ||
| References | 58 | ||
| Chapter 5: Integrating Objective and Subjective Measures | 61 | ||
| 5.1 Pearlin’s Stress Process Model | 61 | ||
| 5.2 Lazarus’s Appraisal Theory | 64 | ||
| 5.3 A Typology of Economic Vulnerability | 65 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusion | 70 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| Part II: Research Design | 74 | ||
| Chapter 6: Data Set | 75 | ||
| 6.1 Background of the Survey «Vivre/Leben/Vivere » | 75 | ||
| 6.2 Questionnaires and Procedures | 76 | ||
| 6.3 Population Surveyed | 77 | ||
| Appendix: Sample Distribution of the VLV Survey, Without Proxy Data | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Chapter 7: Theoretical Model and Research Questions | 79 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| Chapter 8: Analytical Methods | 86 | ||
| 8.1 Determining Measurement Levels | 86 | ||
| 8.1.1 Ordinal and Interval Data | 87 | ||
| 8.1.2 Likert Scales and Likert-Type Items | 88 | ||
| 8.2 Bivariate Analysis | 89 | ||
| 8.3 Logistic Regression Models | 90 | ||
| 8.4 Structural Equation Models | 93 | ||
| 8.5 Weights | 96 | ||
| References | 99 | ||
| Chapter 9: Choice of Variables | 101 | ||
| 9.1 Dependent Variables: Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 101 | ||
| 9.2 Explanatory Variables | 104 | ||
| 9.2.1 Background Characteristics | 105 | ||
| 9.2.1.1 Sex | 105 | ||
| 9.2.1.2 Age | 106 | ||
| 9.2.1.3 Marital Status | 107 | ||
| 9.2.1.4 Canton | 107 | ||
| 9.2.1.5 Education | 107 | ||
| 9.2.1.6 Personality | 108 | ||
| 9.2.2 Economic Resources | 109 | ||
| 9.2.2.1 Wealth | 109 | ||
| 9.2.2.2 Owner | 109 | ||
| 9.2.2.3 Types of Sources of Income | 110 | ||
| 9.2.3 Financial Needs and Expectations | 111 | ||
| 9.2.3.1 Former Socio-Professional Status | 111 | ||
| 9.2.3.2 Health | 112 | ||
| 9.2.3.3 Social Participation | 113 | ||
| 9.2.4 Psychosocial Consequences and Symptoms of Economic Vulnerability | 116 | ||
| 9.2.4.1 Social Isolation | 116 | ||
| 9.2.4.2 Loneliness | 118 | ||
| 9.2.4.3 Sense of Diminishment | 118 | ||
| Appendix | 121 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| Chapter 10: Missing Values | 128 | ||
| 10.1 Pro-rating for Validated Psychometric Scales | 129 | ||
| 10.2 Patterns of Missing Values | 129 | ||
| 10.3 Determinants of Missing Values in Financial Worry, Income and Wealth | 130 | ||
| 10.4 Determinants of Missing Values in Self-worth | 133 | ||
| 10.5 Conclusion: Handling Missing Values and Final Sample | 134 | ||
| Appendix | 135 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| Part III: Prevalence of Economic Vulnerability Among Swiss Pensioners | 138 | ||
| Chapter 11: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Sample Population | 140 | ||
| References | 144 | ||
| Chapter 12: Prevalence and Overlap of Three Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 145 | ||
| 12.1 Economic Vulnerability Rate by Measure | 145 | ||
| 12.2 Congruence Between Measures | 147 | ||
| 12.3 Associations at the Ordinal Level | 149 | ||
| Reference | 152 | ||
| Chapter 13: Background Characteristics | 153 | ||
| 13.1 Sex | 153 | ||
| 13.2 Age | 154 | ||
| 13.3 Canton | 156 | ||
| 13.4 Marital Status | 157 | ||
| 13.5 Educational Attainment | 158 | ||
| 13.6 Personality | 158 | ||
| Appendices | 161 | ||
| Appendix 13.1: Sample Distribution by Sex and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 161 | ||
| Appendix 13.2: Distribution of Vulnerability Types by Sex | 161 | ||
| Appendix 13.3: Sample Distribution by Age Group and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 162 | ||
| Appendix 13.4: Distribution of Vulnerability Types by Age Groups | 162 | ||
| Appendix 13.5: Percentage Distribution of Vulnerability Types by Age-Sex Groups | 163 | ||
| Appendix 13.6: Sample Distribution by Canton and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 163 | ||
| Appendix 13.7: Sample Distribution by Marital Status and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 163 | ||
| Appendix 13.8: Percentage Distribution of Vulnerability Types by Marital Status, Without Type AAA | 164 | ||
| Appendix 13.9: Sample Distribution by Education and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 164 | ||
| Appendix 13.10: Percentage Distribution of Vulnerability Types by Educational Attainment | 165 | ||
| Appendix 13.11: Correlation Between Personality Traits Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 165 | ||
| Appendix 13.12: Association Between Personality Trait Conscientiousness and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 166 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| Chapter 14: Economic Resources | 168 | ||
| 14.1 Financial Support | 168 | ||
| 14.2 Occupational Pensions | 171 | ||
| 14.3 Home Ownership | 172 | ||
| 14.4 Professional Activity | 173 | ||
| 14.5 Wealth | 174 | ||
| Appendix | 177 | ||
| Appendix 14.1: Sample Distribution by Financial Support and Supplementary Benefits and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 177 | ||
| Reference | 178 | ||
| Chapter 15: Financial Needs and Expectations | 179 | ||
| 15.1 Socio-professional Status | 179 | ||
| 15.2 Health | 182 | ||
| 15.3 Social Participation | 186 | ||
| Appendices | 191 | ||
| Appendix 15.1: Percentage Distribution of Vulnerability Types by Socio-professional Category, Without Type AAA | 191 | ||
| Appendix 15.2: Sample Distribution by Health Symptoms and Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 192 | ||
| Appendix 15.3: Frequency of Going to the Movies/Theater Play, by Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 193 | ||
| Appendix 15.4: Frequency of Taking a Trip, by Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 193 | ||
| Appendix 15.5: Frequency of Eating out or Going to a Coffee Shop, by Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 194 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| Chapter 16: Psychosocial Consequences and Symptoms | 195 | ||
| 16.1 Social Isolation | 195 | ||
| 16.2 Loneliness | 197 | ||
| 16.3 Sense of Diminishment | 199 | ||
| 16.4 Mastery | 201 | ||
| Appendices | 202 | ||
| Appendix 16.1: Frequency of Calling Friends, by Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 202 | ||
| Appendix 16.2: Frequency of Visiting Family, by Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 203 | ||
| Reference | 203 | ||
| Chapter 17: Conclusion Part III | 204 | ||
| Appendix | 210 | ||
| Appendix 17.1: Overview of Effect Size of All Covariates on Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 210 | ||
| Reference | 211 | ||
| Part IV: The Self-Assessed Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 212 | ||
| Chapter 18: Regressing Background Characteristics on the Self-Assessed and the Objective Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 215 | ||
| References | 218 | ||
| Chapter 19: Regressing Economic Resources on the Self-Assessed and the Objective Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 219 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| Chapter 20: Exploring the Relationship Between Economic Resources and the Self-Assessed Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 225 | ||
| References | 228 | ||
| Chapter 21: Regressing Financial Needs and Expectations on the Self-Assessed and the Objective Measure | 229 | ||
| Chapter 22: A Structural Equation Model for Self-Assessed Economic Vulnerability | 236 | ||
| References | 242 | ||
| Chapter 23: Modeling the Relationship Between the Objective and the Self-Assessed Measure | 243 | ||
| Appendix | 249 | ||
| Reference | 250 | ||
| Chapter 24: A Typology of Economic Vulnerability Combining the Objective and the Self-Assessed Measure | 251 | ||
| 24.1 Identifying the Most Vulnerable According to Low Levels of Wealth | 254 | ||
| 24.2 ‘Expensive Taste’ or ‘Downward Adaptation’? | 257 | ||
| Appendix | 262 | ||
| Appendix 24.1: Ordinal Regression Models with the Combination of Objective and the Self-Assessed Measure (Obj-Sa) as Independent Variable, Predicting Items of Financial Need and Expectations (Odds Ratios Are Reversed) | 262 | ||
| Appendix 24.2: Outcome Probabilities of Members of Vulnerability Type BA for Being in a Given Category of ‘Frequency of Going to a Restaurant or Coffee Shop’, by Last Socio-professional Category | 263 | ||
| Appendix 24.3: Outcome Probabilities of Members of Vulnerability Type BA for Being in a Given Category of ‘Frequency of Taking a Trip of at Least One Day’, by Last Socio-professional Category | 264 | ||
| References | 264 | ||
| Chapter 25: Conclusion Part IV | 265 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| Part V: The Perceived Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 268 | ||
| Chapter 26: Regression Analysis | 270 | ||
| 26.1 Regressing Background Characteristics on the Perceived Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 270 | ||
| 26.2 Regressing Psychosocial Consequences and Symptoms on the Perceived and the Self-Assessed Measure of Economic Vulnerability | 272 | ||
| Appendix | 277 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| Chapter 27: A Path Model of the Relationship Between the Self-Assessed and the Perceived Measure: Group Comparison by Wealth | 282 | ||
| Reference | 289 | ||
| Chapter 28: Integrating the Three Measures of Economic Vulnerability | 290 | ||
| 28.1 Modeling the Relationship Among Objective, Self-Assessed and Perceived Measures | 290 | ||
| 28.2 A Typology of Economic Vulnerability Combining the Objective, the Self-Assessed, and the Perceived Measure | 292 | ||
| Appendix | 294 | ||
| Chapter 29: Conclusion Part V | 295 | ||
| References | 301 | ||
| Chapter 30: Discussion and Final Conclusion | 304 | ||
| References | 318 |